Sporangia thickwalled, homosporous or heterosporous, usually borne in a reflexed position on sporangiophores arranged in whorls. Plant anatomy and morphology a horticulturist who does not know the basic anatomy of plants is like is like a nurse that does not know basic human anatomy. Stems are the basic organs, as they give rise to other plant organs, such as roots, leaves, and flowers. The origin of the sporophyte in land plants represents a fundamental phase in plant evolution. Even today, many tribal communities and rural populations are dependent heavily upon the natural resources obtained from the surrounding forest regions for treatment of various ailments and diseases. Read the introductory remarks and list of characteristics of the bryophytes p. Furthermore, this view overlooks the peculiar way in which the internodes of equisetum are formed from an intercalary meristem. If analogies are to be sought with other pteridophytes, then it is not the internode, but the node, which should be compared. Sporophyte morphology and gametophyte development of the fern blechnum sprucei pteridophyta. When you think of forests and woods, you can picture trees, abundant lush green ferns, and other plants. In a book of this limited size it is impossible to describe in detail all the fossil plants that are known. Pdf we present a revised classification for extant ferns, with emphasis on ordinal and familial ranks, and a synopsis of included. Pteridophytes general characters and life cycle of ferns email. Knowledge of fern structure and life histories has increased through time, providing more.
Most pteridophytes are terrestrial plants and thrive well in abundant moisture and shade while some flourish well in open, dry situations especially in xeric conditions. Pdf studies on the spore morphology of pteridophytes. The megaspore and microspore germinate to give rise female and male gametophyte respectively. This is the 3d animated lesson of cbse class 11 biology, pteridophytes, by shiksha house with explanation which is very interesting and easy to. A few pteridophytes are aquatic while still others are epiphytes. Gametophyte morphology and reproductive biology of several epiphytic ferns, including seven species of polypodiaceae campyloneurum angustifolium, c. A divergence among populations of secondary species is postulated and described as tertiary speciation. Pdf sporophyte morphology and gametophyte development of the. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Try making mnemonics as much as possible for this chapter. The evolution, morphology, and development of fern leaves. Pteridophytes are seedless and they procreate through spores.
Pdf sporophyte morphology and gametophyte development of. Both aerial and subterranean stems are divided into nodes the places where leaves. Most of the pteridophytes ferns and fernallies show their luxuriant and vigorous growth during the rainy season particularly in the hilly regions usually above 1400 m altitude. Pteridophytes are polysporangiate, either homosporous or heterosporous. Morphology of the pteridophytes sporne free ebook download as pdf file. Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. In some pteridophytes the sporangia develop on stems i. Pteridophytes are free sporangiate where isospores or micro and megaspores are released through the dehiscence of sporangia. As a scientific discipline, plant morphology is 211 yr old, originated by goethe in 1790. All the pteridophytes possess a vasculature in the center of the axis traversing from one and to the other and branching with all the branches. Pteridophytes constitute a significant and important group in the plant kingdom. In certain pteridophytes the sporangia are produced within specialized structure, the sporocarps e. I didnt even read this chapter in class xi because of its vastness.
They are a type of vascular plants which possesses xylem and phloem tissues. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that disperses spores. How to memorize the examples of plant morphology for aipmt. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as cryptogams, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Pteridophytes or pteridophyta, in the broad interpretation of the term or sensu lato, are vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce and disperse via spores. Ferns, horsetails often treated as ferns, and lycophytes clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts are all pteridophytes. They are chlorophyllous, autotrophic, archegoniate, embryophytic and tracheophytic. They occupy the position between bryophytes and spermatophytes. Bir 1 977 gave a broad view of relations of spore morphology in taxonomy with the citation of examples particularly of indian context. Today this subject is controversial, and scarcely considered in textbooks and journals of botany, in spite of its importance. Pdf gametophyte morphology and gametangial ontogeny of. Morphology of the pteridophytes sporne spore organisms.
Pteridophyta is the most highly evolved group among the cryptogams. They dont have conducting tissues for transportation of water and minerals. Thus, we suggest combining spore morphology with leaf characters for. All pteridophytes have a true alternation of generations, in which a dominant sporophyte generation produces spores through meiosis, and a freeliving gametophyte generation forms gametes egg and sperm by mitosis.
They are the second most diverse land plants after angiosperms. A field manual of the fems and femallies of the united state and. It could turn out to be down right uncomfortable where heshe sticks that thermometer. Classification of ferns has been particularly unstable in the past, and to. We present the first cladistic analysis of extant ferns based on morphological char acters.
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Nayar 1 964 dealt with the comparative spore morphology of living pteridophytes and listed various spore types as seen in different groups of genera. Vegetative morphology of flowering plants nodes woody. Aspects of morphology and reproductive biology of some epiphytic ferns.
Pteridophytes or pteridophyta, in the broad interpretation of the term, are vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce and disperse via spores. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes with its origin and economic importance in pteridophyta is a group of ancient plants. Spore morphology is, there fore, practically omitted from the present discussion. Over the past century, the diversity of ferns and lycophytes in japan was quite. Instead, the water and minerals flow from the surface of the plant cell to cell in the plants body. Characteristics of pteridophytes, morphology of pteridophytes, reproduction of pteridophytes, homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes, megaspore and microspores, gametophytes of pteridophytes, fertilization, zygote and embryo of pteridophytes.
The spore is two different types as observed such as advanced spores monolete and primitive spores trilete. The branching of the rhizome and formation of adventitious buds on rhizomes is. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes biology boom. But trust me the first thing that you notice is the abundant foliage of fern plants. If you are generating a pdf of a journal article or. The structure of ferns and allied plants by k r sporne online at alibris. Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores.
Pteridophytes general characters ppt general characteristics, life cycle and reproduction of pteridophytes ppt what are pteridophytes. Accordingly several major groups of vascular plants, many minor groups and a large number of genera have had to be omitted. Cbse class 11 biology pteridophytes by shiksha house. Extant pteridophytes are cosmopolitan but are much better represented in the humid tropics, with only a few families e. Bartholomewbegan with over 12,000 species recognized worldwide m.
Phylogenetic relationships of extant ferns based on. Pteridophytes are a group of primitive land plants belongs to the cryptogams. Compared to the sporophyte, the fern prothallus is a relatively simple entity, very much. Sporophylls the leaves that bear sporangia are known as sporophylls. The mechanisms of these modes in respect to pteridophytes are discused in detail. Morphology and classification of the marchantiophyta. Spore morphology and its systematic implication in pteris plos. But in xii, i started to learn it by making my own mnemonics and soon it became one. With the commencement of monsoon about mid june, the ferns and fernallies start growing vigourously and luxuriantly. Gametophyte morphology and gametangial ontogeny of asplenium foreziense and related taxa aspleniaceae.
The empirical basis of botanical systematics has been broadened far beyond the realm of macromorphological traits on which systematists have based their decisions for more than 200 years. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Geological time scale chart made easy with tricks memorize geographical time scale in 5 minutes duration. Although primarily for photosynthesis, fern leaves may also assume other tasks such as propagating the plant vegetatively by bulblets, harboring nitrogenfixing cyanobacteria, forming nests that collect humus falling from above, or efficiently dispersing spores.
Study of spore morphology is a specialized and vast subject in itself. The structure of ferns and allied plants scholars choice edition. They formed the dominant part of the earths during palaeozoic and mesozoic periods on soral evolution. These are the first true land plants in the evolution of the plant kingdom.
Morphology and classification of the marchantiophyta barbara crandallstotler, raymond e. These classifications are, however, remarkable in that they combine morphological and molecular data to come to a. The morphological characters of the spores were studied. Epiphytic habitats are generally covered by bryophyte mats, making a challenging environment for sporophyte production by resident fern gametophytes. Interestingly, some marine taxa in the same group have different compliments of pigments and cellular forms yet are clearly united based on rdna evidence graham and wilcox 2000. They are the first evolved plant group with vascular tissue system for the conduction of water and food materials.
The xylem consists of mostly, tracheitis and rarely, vessels selaginella, pteris etc. These ferns, in biological terms, are nothing but the pteridophytes, belonging to the division pteridophyta of the plant kingdom. The vascular structure of the node can best be looked upon as a medullated protostele. The size, shape, colour and surface pattern of spores were analysed. Pteridophyta do not produce seeds but they produce spores. Vegetative morphology of flowering plants stems, roots, and leaves are the vegetative parts of vascular plants. Pteridophytes ferns and fern allies the plant list. As they produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are referred to as cryptogams. Many pteridophytes supplement their sexual cycles with various forms of vegetative reproduction yatskievych 2003. A concept based exclusive material pteridophytes, gymnosperms. I sequenced the chloroplast gene atpb from 23 pteridophyte taxa and used maximum parsimony to infer relationships. The two main vascular elements are the xylem and phloem.
Pteridophytes reproduction mainly occurs via the spores. Pteridofite ukljucuju paprati, preslice i lycopodiophyta klubske mahovine, siljate i peraste mahovine. I illustrate some of these general principles and their application by evaluating them in a phyletically heterogeneous plant group, the pteridophytes, which previously had been in. Evaluation of atpb nucleotide sequences for phylogenetic. Pteridophytes general characteristics general characters of pteridophytes the vascular cryptogams pteridophytes are plants with feather like leaves.
The biodiversity heritage library works collaboratively to make biodiversity literature openly available to the world as part of a global biodiversity community. There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet salvinia molesta and mosquito ferns azolla species. Morphology publisher london, hutchinson university library. If you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free. The sporangium in all pteridophytes is initiated by the laying down of a crosswall in a superficial cell or a group of cells. Pteridophytes biology encyclopedia plant, body, different. Similar approaches combining chromosome and morphological. Jan 23, 2017 reproduction the sporophytes reproduce by spores which are produced within sporangia. An update and reassessment of fern and lycophyte diversity data in.
Pteridophyta living in water are known as hydrophyte, sticking in other plants are called epiphyte and living in residue or waste of other plants are known as saprophyte. The wings merge imperceptibly with the midrib up to four cells thick near the. Pteridophytes general characteristics easybiologyclass. Pteridophytes were dominant land plants during the carboniferous era and a major source of todays coal and oil. Studies on the spore morphology of pteridophytes from kolli hills, eastern ghats, tamil nadu, india.
Ferns can be used to illustrate the life cycle stages common to all pteridophytes. Evolution and biogeography of gymnosperms request pdf. Most pteridophytes are terrestrial and grows in moist and shady places while some flourish well in open dry places. The other two phyla are marchantiophyta or liverworts and anthocerotophyta or hornworts. Dec 28, 2017 try making mnemonics as much as possible for this chapter. Key difference homosporous vs heterosporous pteridophytes pteridophyta is the largest phylum of the kingdom plantae. Characteristics of fern gametophytes relate to their habitats. Journal of economic education 19692015 books by language journal of autism and developmental disorders 19712014 journal of paediatric dentistry. Sumita, assistant professor, department of botany, pggc11, chandigarh. Pdf a classification for extant ferns researchgate.
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